Livestock breeding management effects on milk production and reproduction performances of dairy cows in arid and semi-arid zones

Abstract

To comprehensively understand dairy cattle breeding performances across two distinct biotopes, we conducted a study that investigates farm types, performance variability, and limitations in arid region (AR) of Biskra and Ouled-Djellal and semi arid region (SAR) of southern Souk Ahras. Using data from surveys and on site visits that covered 92 and 121 dairy cattle farms in AR and SAR respectively, our research explores the link between breeding management, climate, and productivity strategies in order to improve breeding practices, animal welfare, and ultimately boost milk production in both regions. Results revealed that over 40% of farms are characterized by small herds, with ≤15 dairy cows. SAR farms benefit from both agricultural land types of 1–300 ha (Used Agricultural Area (UAA) and pastoral area), while those Saharan rely on small UAA. Fertility levels were higher in SAR farms where a fertility index ≤2 is recorded in 92.6% and days open period ≤90 days in 68.6% of farms. While both regions’ average daily milk yield is around 15 litres/cow. Moreover, typology analysis identified several groups; those in AR are dominated by small herds with high fertility rates, reared under moderate breeding conditions leading to several problems, most notably mastitis. However, in SAR, classic groups of traditional character predominate with moderate milk production that seems the main breeding objective. Indeed, the zootechnical monitoring results (reproductive and milk production parameters) confirm the overall findings; significantly higher dairy and reproductive performance observed in the SAR farms. Therefore, to improve productivity across both regions, especially the AR, we recommend implementing strategic and reliable farm management practices that help facing constraints