An Analysis of Anti-Americanism as a World Reaction Towards the U.S. Hegemony A Study of Specific Cases of Anti-Americanism in : Latin America, Europe, Middle East, and Asia

Abstract

General Conclusion The main goal of conducting this case study of anti-Americanism in Latin America, Western Europe, Middle East and Asia is to examine its response within a time frame surrounding post-September 11th, 2001. This chapter presents a historical overview about the American foreign policy by introducing the basic principles of the American foreign policy. Also it demonstrates the policy of continuity and change conducted by the U.S. according to the situation stated in three concentric circles. Furthermore, it shows the opposition to the American policy according to the level of its intervention inside and outside the country. The events of September 11th, 2001 are considered as the top form of America resentment. The look to the United States has changed dramatically before and after those events; indeed, it has an important impact on the U.S. global relation. The attacks on America‟s ground are viewed as a result of its foreign policy failure. Although this failure America remains strong because it adapt to the situation it requires, with applying Leading from Behind after direct intervention failure. This failure overseas creates a stream of negative reactions all over the globe and presents later on anti-American attitude. In the second chapter, it presents an epistemological definition to anti-Americanism along with an overview about its evolution in the world. To understand more this phenomenon, it is important to mention types of anti-Americanism and to distinguish between soft antiAmericanism as a reaction, for example, demonstration, articles, and statements to hard antiAmericanism which is the events of September 11th, 2001. Moreover, it shows the role of soft power and hard power theories in dealing and framing with this phenomenon. To analyze this phenomenon, it argued four main study cases in Latin America; Venezuela‟ national conflict between Maduro the socialist president and Guaidó the president who holds American hopes and Saouli 77 fears, and this study emphasis on the ethnic conflict between U.S. and Latin America even though the conflict is local. In Western Europe; France and Germany are of the leading powers in the world, thus an anti-American attitude can be observed due to the competition between France, Germany against the United States, and here it is recognized as economical issue along with historical cultural background. Furthermore, in Middle East; the Palestinian-Israeli conflict is the main issue in that area; which many countries wonder the unconditional support of America to Israel, and it is seen from a religious point of view. Finally in Asia; the geo-political issue between U.S. and North Korea has come fore to be after the election of President Trump and especially after the war of statements between the two presidents. Finally, this research aimed to examine the spread of anti-Americanism in the world as negative reaction to the American hegemony. According to the findings, America‟ level of opposition is defined in accordance with the level of intervention in the world. After the events of September 11th, 2001 the U.S. became a giant with clay feet in which many countries even European ones show a negative attitude mixed with sympathy. Our research aimed to investigate the debate over American policy and its relation to the events of September 11th, 2001 which shows an increasing opposition to U.S. policies as a direct cause of framing anti-Americanism. Moreover, it aimed to demonstrate the reasons behind this resentment. The American resentment is motivated by various factors; cultural in France and Germany along with historical background. In France, anti-American resentment is part of their daily life, due to the American position in the world which puts America as the new symbol of democracy and freedom. However, in Germany the resentment goes back to the humiliation of the World War II. According to the findings, it also proves that whenever the U.S. intervenes in world affairs, antiAmerican resentment evolves in accordance with it. It has been confirmed that the American Saouli 78 policy of interventionism; whether it is too much or very few, affects the American relation with some specific countries, for example, the American Korean relations after the American threats to the Korean government which escalades tension quickly. As many countries relied on America to solve world conflicts, America now is considered as a threat to the world order and peace, and it is now a source of problem. It also confirms that every leading power must have an opposition and this opposition remains if the present hyper power collapses.