بناء الرواية عند حفناوي زاغز

Abstract

This research analyzes the structures constructing the fictional discourse in the works of the Algerian novelist HafnawiZaghz. This dissertation composes of an introduction and three chapters that are a combinationof the theoretical side and the practical or procedural side as detailed in the following: The introduction: which comes under the title (definition of the two terms: the construction and the novel), which is dedicated to the theoretical side, as we dealt with the concept of the term construction linguistically and conventionally, which means the elements that contribute to the formation of the fictional text’s construction. The term novel, as critics agreed upon, is defined linguistically and conventionallyas a scattered narrative genre. Then, we traced the emergence and development of the Arabic novel and the features of innovation in it, with a particular attention to the Algerian novel. Chapter one:This chapter, entitled (Building the fictional Character), is devoted to the theoretical side first in terms of the linguisticand conventional definition of the term (the Character), and then the classifications of the characterby both the West and the Arabs, so that we discuss their classifications in the three novels that we are working on, which evolve around the main characters that centered around the protagonists of the novels and secondary characters, which in turn were divided into auxiliary, hostile, neutral, and transient or marginal characters. We presented the fictional characters through the description technique that is specialized in presenting them in terms of the external and internal structure, and through presenting the roles or the actions accomplished by the characters at the level of the fictional texts. The study, thus, is confined to the functions of the most important characters in the conflict; the protagonists, and the villains. Chapter two: In this chapter, we dealt with (the construction of the place in the novels of HafnawiZaghz). At first, we defined the concept of the space linguistically and conventionally, and highlighted the problem of its overlap with other terms, including the terms space and the location, where the critics have different opinions and disagreements about it.We ended up choosing the term “place” that we think is most appropriate, and it constitutes one of the structural elements of the fictional text. This study has dealt with the construction of places in the novels, which we have divided according to the antagonistic dichotomies into two parts: Open places: which are characterized by openness and wideness, giving the characters freedom of mobility and movement without restriction or condition, so there were many and varied places, represented in the village and the city, nature, the airport, the hotel and the cafe, the sea and the cemetery, and it differs in terms of presence from one novel to another. Closed places: which means places that are bounded by certain boundaries, and they are divided into two parts: Optional places: These are the places that the charactersgo inwith their free will to fulfill his needs in order to seek comfort and stability or to practice theirroles, represented in the house, the office and the hall. Compulsory places: These are the places that the characters enter with intimidation and compulsion, and they may stay there for a while that may be long or short, and they are represented in jails or cells. Chapter three: In this chapter, we dealt with (the construction of time in novels), in which we first approached the concept of the time linguistically and conventionally, and then we proceeded to study various chronological techniques, which we are detailed as follows: We first dealt with the sequence that is concerned with arranging the time of the fictional events through a comparison between two times: Story time: in which we re-arranged the events mentioned in the novels in a usual order, and in which we concluded that the writer employs some historical clues that act as signs referring to the time of the events’ history in his fictional works such as (the time of the revolution, the period of independence, the period of the dark decade). Discourse time: in which we included the sequence of events as they were mentioned in the novels, and in which we studied the following techniques: Recalling: We dealt with the external and internal recalls that were mentioned in the novels. Anticipation: After studying anticipation and comparing it to recalling, we found that the novelist did not give much attention to the employing of anticipation, and he rarely used it. Summary: Both types of summaries are definite or indefinite. Omission: which overlaps with the abstract, and it was also stated in both its definite and indefinite types. The summary and omission came in varying degrees from one novel to another, and it was assumed that it contributed to the acceleration of the narration in the novels. The pause: which used to describe characters, which is not often employed by the novelist Zaghz yet it was found in some areasin the novels’ pages, which is used to describe some characters and places. The scene: It is represented in the dialogue that takes place between the characters, and it contains external and internal dialogues, and it was used in order to focus on a specific point in the events. The pause and the scene have contributed to the deliberate narration in the novels